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painted 1904-05 by Carl Larsson (1853-1919)
Christmas Eve, on December 24, is the day before
Christmas Day, the celebrated birthday of
Jesus Christ.
Religious observance
In the
Liturgical year, the
Christmas season liturgically begins on Christmas Eve. The Mass of the Vigil is said in the late afternoon or early evening hours of December 24. The Christmas season continues through until the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord on the Sunday following the Solemnity of the
Epiphany (Christian).
Many Catholics traditionally celebrate a midnight
Mass (liturgy) at midnight on Christmas Eve, which is held in churches throughout the world, marking the beginning of Christmas Day. A popular joke is to ask what time
Midnight Mass starts, but in recent years some churches have started their "Midnight" Mass as early as 7 P.M. Other Catholic Church hold a candlelight service which is typically held earlier in the evening. These often feature dramatizations of the Nativity of Jesus. Similar
Service of worship are held in many
Protestantism churches on Christmas Eve and/or Christmas Day.
The Nine Lessons and Carols broadcast annually from King's College, Cambridge on Christmas Eve has established itself as one of the signs that Christmas has begun in the United Kingdom. It is broadcast to many parts of the world via the
BBC World Service.
Meals
Large meals are common, often with
Domesticated turkey#Turkeys as food or
ham as the main item. A traditional dish in Germany is roasted
goose. In
Czech Republic and
Slovakia it is a fish soup and breaded roasted
carp with
potato salad. Italian Catholics eat feast of the seven fishes. In some parts of
Eastern Europe such as
Poland and Lithuania, a traditional meatless
12-dishes Christmas Eve Supper is served before opening gifts.
Gift giving
It is also seen as the night when
Santa Claus or his international variants, make their rounds giving gifts to good children. In the
Czech Republic, where
Saint Nicholas (sv. Mikuláš) gave his sweet gifts already more than two weeks earlier, is
Ježíšek, that is Child Jesus, the Christmas gift-giver. In Sweden,
Denmark,
Germany,
Norway,
Iceland,
Argentina, Poland,
Portugal and
Quebec, Borat Christmas presents are opened on the evening of the 24th, while in
Italy, the
United States, the
United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland,
English Canada,
South Africa, and Australia mostly on the morning of Christmas Day. In Finland
Joulupukki personally meets children and gives presents in the evening of Christmas Eve. In most parts of Germany,
Austria and Switzerland Christmas presents are opened in the evening of December 24th ('Bescherung'). In
Spain gifts are traditionally opened on the morning of
January 6, Epiphany (feast) ("Día de Los Reyes"), though in some other countries, like
Argentina and
Uruguay people received presents both around Christmas and on the morning of Epiphany day; there are also some countries, like the rest of Latin America, where people stay awake until midnight, when they open the presents.
Regional traditions
South America
In South America Christmas Eve know as
Nochebuena (English -
Good Night) is celebrated by staying up until midnight. At midnight gifts and presents are opened.
Spain
When it is Christmas Eve or
La Nochebuena, as it is known in Spain, there are two important traditions - attending
Christmas and secondly, enjoying a meal with friends and family. There is a wide variety of typical foods one might find on plates across Spain on this particular night, and each Regional food has its own distinct specialties. It is particularly common, however, to start the meal with a seafood dish such as prawns or salmon, followed by a bowl of hot, homemade soup. The main meal will commonly consist of Lamb (food), or seafood, such as cod or shellfish. For dessert, there is quite a spread of delicacies, among them are turrón, a dessert made of honey, egg and almonds that is Arabic in origin.
Iceland and Norway
In Iceland and
Norway Christmas starts on Christmas Eve, at 6:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. respectively. Church bells ring at that time and people either sit down for holiday dinner at home or with closest family. After that they open gifts and spend the evening together. Black Metal band members will sit together and sing epic songs praising the Devil/Dark Lord. Numerous Black Metal songs will be played live during open rituals where burning of the Cross is involved. Animals such as turkeys and veal will be sacrificed and roasted on the spit. Before commencement of this unholy feast, the musicians, or otherwise, will toast and drink the blood of the sacrificed animals. Lamb shank is another traditional dish that goes along with the feast. Alcohol, typically red wine, is served in decorated goblets inscribed with dark images of demons and devils. Other beverages include ale, stouts and spirits are drank during the celebration as well. This, although remains controversial to the Christian societies in the country, it remains widely accepted throughout the world.
Slavic countries
In many cultures, a festive dinner is traditionally served for the family and close friends in attendance. In Slavic countries, it is known as Wygilia, and being invited to attend a Wygilia dinner with a family is considered a high honor. Unless attendance is impossible or otherwise too impractical, or if the person has made other plans already, turning down such an invitation, or not showing up can be considered extremely rude.
North America
In North America, there is a mixture of families opening gifts in the evening and, more commonly, on Christmas Day morning. In Quebec and among many francophone families living in other provinces, the Réveillon is held on Christmas Eve with traditional food such as tourtière, attendance at church, and the opening of gifts.
Philippines
In the
Philippines, the predominantly Roman Catholic country in Asia, Christmas Eve is usually celebrated by attending the "Rooster's Mass or
Misa del Gallo. Misa del Gallo is the Holy Mass celebrated hours before the clock ticks 12 A.M. that signifies the arrival of
December 25 Christmas Day. After attending church, Philippines families usually hold a feast named
Noche Buena to celebrate the birth of
Jesus Christ. A great variety of food is eaten during this
meal, an event that usually is done with great preparation. Foods being prepared include the famous Lechon, Quezo de Bola, Jamon, Roast Chicken (
Domesticated turkey#Turkeys as food did not gain much popularity in the Philippines), Barbecued meats, Pancit among many others. Despite the fact that some families are poor, they still find a way to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ through eating, family time and merry-making.
Finland (Declaration of Christmas Peace)
Declaration of Christmas Peace has been a tradition in Finland from
Middle Ages every year, except in 1939 due to the Winter War. The declaration takes place on the Old Great Square of
Turku, Finland's official Christmas City and former capital, at noon on Christmas Eve. It is broadcast in Finnish radio (since 1935) and television and nowadays also in some foreign countries.
The declaration ceremony begins with the hymn
Jumala ompi linnamme (Martin Luther's
A Mighty Fortress Is Our God) and continues with the Declaration of Christmas Peace read from a parchment roll:
"Tomorrow, God willing, marks the most gracious feast of the birth of our Lord and Saviour, and therefore a general Christmas peace is hereby declared, and all persons are directed to observe this holiday with due reverence and otherwise quietly and peacefully to conduct themselves, for whosoever breaks this peace and disturbs the Christmas holiday by any unlawful or improper conduct shall be liable, under aggravating circumstances, to whatever penalty is prescribed by law and decree for each particular offence or misdemeanour. Finally, all citizens are wished a joyous Christmas holiday."
Recently, there is also a declaration of Christmas peace for forest animals in many cities and municipalities, so there is no hunting during Christmas.
Sweden
In Sweden, most Christmas celebration takes place on Christmas eve, including Santa Claus' distribution of
Christmas presents.
Other
Christmas Eve is treated to a greater or a lesser extent in most Christian societies as part of the Christmas season. The day of Christmas Eve is the traditional day to set up the Christmas tree, but as the Christmas season has been extended several weeks back (to Thanksgiving in the
United States), many trees will have been set up for weeks.
In many countries, the day of Christmas Eve is a shortened business day. For example, (when it falls on a weekday) most
financial markets close by early afternoon, and nearly all retail and commercial businesses are closed by late afternoon - typically between 4:00 and 6:00 pm.
In families where a divorce has occurred, children may spend one day with one part of the family, and the next with the other. In Extended family where two branches of the family reside within a reasonable driving distance, many families may choose to spend Christmas Eve with the maternal side of the family and Christmas Day with the paternal side, or vice-versa. Most Christmas stories start or take place on this day.
Christmas Eve is also the name of a character in the Broadway musical
Avenue Q.
See also
be-x-old:Вігілія
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